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Electoral Systems: The Basic Terms You Need to Know In short: an electoral system is the set of rules that turns votes into seats. A handful of terms do most of the work, and once you know them, election results stop looking like a black box. This guide defines the core vocabulary in plain language. What an Electoral System Actually Does Every democracy faces the same problem. Millions of people mark ballots, and those marks have to become a fixed number of officeholders. The electoral system is the translation layer. It decides who gets counted, how votes convert into representation,…